claim of duty, the obligation to do the right.19 Romans 13:5 may suggest this judiciary action of prompting toward correct action. We should be submissive to “higher powers” not only to avoid punishment (διὰ τὴν ὸργήν) for wrongdoing, but also because our conscience urges us to do so (διὰ τὴν συνείδησις).20 Three times Paul refers to the conscience as a witness—Romans 2:15; 9:1; 2 Corinthians 1:12. In Romans 2:14–15 three factors are said to demonstrate that the Gentiles have “the effect of